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Verb form
Irregular verbs
The past participle and the past tense of irregular verbs are not generally formed by adding (e)d or t. For example, the past tense of the verb break is broke and the past participle is broken.
The following verbs form their past tenses (past and past participle) irregularly:
Verb ( V1) | Past tense (V2) | Past participle (V3) |
---|---|---|
arise | arose | arisen |
awake | awoke (or awaked) | awaked (or awoken) |
awaken | awakened | awakened |
bear (to carry) | bore | borne |
bear (to give birth) | bore | born |
beat | beat | beaten (or beat) |
become | became | become |
begin | began | begun |
bet | bet | bet |
bid (to offer) | bid | bid |
bid (to order, invite) | bade | bidden |
bind | bound | bound |
bite | bit | bitten |
bleed | bled | bled |
blow | blew | blown |
break | broke | broken |
breed | bred | bred |
bring | brought | brought |
burst | burst | burst |
buy | bought | bought |
cast | cast | cast |
catch | caught | caught |
choose | chose | chosen |
cling | clung | clung |
come | came | come |
creep | crept | crept |
cut | cut | cut |
deal | dealt | dealt |
dig | dug | dug |
dive | dived (or dove) | dived |
do | did | done |
draw | drew | drawn |
dream | dreamed (or dreamt) | dreamed (or dreamt) |
drink | drank | drunk |
drive | drove | driven |
eat | ate | eaten |
fall | fell | fallen |
feed | fed | fed |
feel | felt | felt |
fight | fought | fought |
find | found | found |
flee | fled | fled |
fly | flew | flown |
forbid | forbade | forbidden |
forget | forgot | forgotten |
forgive | forgave | forgiven |
forsake | forsook | forsaken |
freeze | froze | frozen |
get | got | got (or gotten) |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
grind | ground | ground |
grow | grew | grown |
hang (to suspend) | hung | hung |
hang (to execute) | hanged | hanged |
have | had | had |
hear | heard | heard |
hide | hid | hidden |
hit | hit | hit |
hold | held | held |
hurt | hurt | hurt |
keep | kept | kept |
kneel | knelt (or kneeled) | knelt (or kneeled) |
knit | knitted (or knit) | knitted (or knit) |
know | knew | known |
lay | laid | laid |
lead | led | led |
leap | leaped (or leapt) | leaped (or leapt) |
leave | left | left |
lend | lent | lent |
let | let | let |
lie | lay | lain |
light | lighted (or lit) | lighted (or lit) |
lose | lost | lost |
make | made | made |
mean | meant | meant |
meet | met | met |
mistake | mistook | mistaken |
overcome | overcame | overcome |
pay | paid | paid |
prove | proved | proved (or proven) |
put | put | put |
quit | quit | quit |
read | read | read |
ride | rode | ridden |
ring | rang | rung |
rise | rose | risen |
run | ran | run |
say | said | said |
see | saw | seen |
seek | sought | sought |
sell | sold | sold |
send | sent | sent |
set | set | set |
shake | shook | shaken |
shed | shed | shed |
shoot | shot | shot |
shrink | shrank (or shrunk) | shrunk |
shut | shut | shut |
sing | sang | sung |
sink | sank | sunk |
sit | sat | sat |
slay | slew | slain |
sleep | slept | slept |
slide | slid | slide |
sling | slung | slung |
slink | slunk | slunk |
speak | spoke | spoken |
speed | sped (or speeded) | sped (or speeded) |
spend | spent | spent |
spin | spun | spun |
spit | spit (or spat) | spit (or spat) |
split | split | split |
spread | spread | spread |
spring | sprang (or sprung) | sprung |
stand | stood | stood |
steal | stole | stolen |
stick | stuck | stuck |
stink | stank (or stunk) | stunk |
strew | strewed | strewn |
stride | strode | stridden |
strike | struck | struck |
string | strung | strung |
strive | strove (or strived) | striven (or strived) |
swear | swore | sworn |
sweep | swept | swept |
swell | swelled | swelled (or swollen) |
swim | swam | swum |
swing | swung | swung |
take | took | taken |
teach | taught | taught |
tear | tore | torn |
tell | told | told |
think | thought | thought |
thrive | throve (or thrived) | throve (or thriven) |
throw | threw | thrown |
thrust | thrust | thrust |
wake | woke (or waked) | waked (or woken) |
weep | wept | wept |
win | won | won |
wind | woun | wound |
wring | wring | wrung |
write |